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Medical plants have started to consider an essential source in treating/preventing a various kind of disease (1). Each plant consists of several important ingredients that can be used in medical field, and can be involved in the development of different kind of drugs (2). A lot of undeveloped countries or even developed countries are using herbal medicine in maintain human wellbeing, personal health condition, and treating certain type of disease such as cough. These plants include Echinacea, Garlic, Ginger, Gingko, Ginseng, and others (1).

Dengue is one of the burning global health issue for it claims the lives thousands of people due to its fatal nature, it upsurges various phases, namely subclinical infection, undifferentiated febrile fever, Dengue fever (DF) and devastating states which often ends to life, they are Dengue heamorrhagic fever (DHF) and Dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Dengue infection is a mosquito born disease which has engulfed many regions in general and tropical zone in particular, causing many casualties and has posed a threat to humanity, demanding strategies to resolve the global issue. It is reported that 50-200 million people fall prey to it globally by dint of its causative agents and imperative to mention that over proportional are the minor among the victims. Because of awful joint pain dengue fever is also named break bone fever. The common indicator in infected individuals is thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy and vasculopathy. Apart from supportive therapy, no aphoristic therapy has been introduced so far, however care may prove rescuer. Timely prognosis thwarts to enter it in deteriorating phase. In the list of laboratory diagnosis virus serology and detection of Ribonucleic acid are primed. Latest review emphasizes a detail summary on dengue infection, prognosis of numerous clinical manifestations, laboratory Diagnosis and management of different phases of infection.

Heart failure (HF) is a worldwide health problem that affects approximately 26 million individuals. It is known that heart disease progresses to HF, and there is a link between cardiac remodelling and the development of HF. The term “remodelling” was used for the first time in 1982 by Hockman and Buckey, in a myocardial infarction (MI) model. Cardiac remodelling refers to changes in the size, shape, structure, and function of the heart. This can happen as a result of exercise (physiological remodeling) or after injury to the heart muscle (pathological remodeling).{3} The injury is typically due to myocardial infarction. Chronic hypertension, congenital heart disease with intracardiac shunting, and valvular heart disease may also lead to remodelling. Between the physiological and pathological remodelling, the physiological remodelling is reversible and the pathological remodeling is irreversible. Cardiac remodelling is considered to be not only an adaptive event but also a maladaptive phenomenon. In the acute phase of a myocardial stress, cardiac remodelling acts as an adaptive response that enables the heart to maintain cardiac output; however, after the prolonged stressful stimulus, this continuous process leads to progressive decompensation. The cardiac myocyte is the major cell involved in remodeling. Fibroblasts, collagen, the interstitium, and the coronary vessels to a lesser extent, also play a role. The most used methods to detect these changes are echocardiography, ventriculography, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Several markers may indicate a remodelling process, including changes in the expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms, with an increase in alpha- and a decrease in beta-myosin heavy chain, increased expression of GLUT-1, alpha-actin, natriuretic peptide, galectin, caveolin, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, angiotensin-converting enzyme, a decrease in GLUT-4, SERCA2a, and a shift from glucose to fatty acid oxidation.Medications may attenuate remodelling , Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, Beta blockers (Carvedilol), may actually reverse the remodelling process by reducing left ventricular volumes and improving systolic function.

Background: Nurses are facing different types of job-related stress like unpredicted work shifts, patients load, and critically ill patient care. Poor mental health affects the personal life of nurses but also influences their professional life. In their personal life, it may lead to drug abuse, eating disorders, cardiovascular disease, and broken relationships. Moreover, in the professional life, anxiety and depression block communications with colleagues and patients. It affects their job performance and appropriate health service to patients.Objective: To understand the state of depression among nurses at Mayo Hospital, Lahore. Methodology: It is a cross-sectional study conducted at Mayo Hospital, Lahore. Data was collected by questionnaire based on demographic profile and Beck’s depression Inventory scale among 105 participants. The data was analyzed by “Statistical Package for Social Sciences” SPSS (version 20.0).Results: Our results showed that2.8%, of nursing staff experienced extreme depression, 1.9 % experienced severe depression, 6.6% experienced moderate depression, 2.8% experienced borderline clinical depression, 22.8% experienced mild mood disturbance and 62.8% had normal mood. A significant relationship is found between education degree, marital status, sleeping status, physical exercise, weekly working hours and levels of depression. Conclusion: The frequency of depression is reasonably high among nurses. Prolonged exposure of mental conditions may emerge as a potential risk factor for the disease. This study provides information to health professionals for better understanding the distress of the nurses. Bearing in mind the results found it is obvious that just like physical health, it is important to focus the mental health of the health professionals including nurses.

Treatment with 5%, 10% & 15% concentrations of sewage waste for 24 hours show decrease in mitotic index in onion. A significant decrease in MI was noted at 5% and 15% concentrations. The chromosomal aberrations (numerical & structural type) were observed. Decrease in MI was caused by the cell killing of the non resistant cells. The cell killing might be due to either damages of internal milieu of cells leading to mitotic poisoning or/and by the formation of reactive oxygen species and ions that increase the mutant bearing cells resulting to decrease in mitotic index with the retardation of the length of the roots. This might be effect the quantity of the yield.

We aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practice of AAS use amongst male gym users in Quetta city, Pakistan. This was a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey. By using a double design method, 866 gym users were approached for data collection. In addition to frequency distribution, mean and standard deviation were used to descriptively explain the study population. Out of 866 respondents, 841 responded to the study with a response rate of 97.1%. Majority of the respondents (501, 59.6%) belonged to the age group of 28-37 years and 556 (66.1%) had a bachelor level of education. More than 60% of the study respondents were aware of the term “anabolic steroids” and had the information that anabolic steroids are used in bodybuilding. Friends/gym partners (289, 49.7%) were the major source of information towards anabolic steroids followed by the media (176, 30.2%). Five hundred and two (60.8%) respondents reported having used anabolic steroids whereas friends (244, 47.6%) and online stores (1162, 31.6%) were the major sources of obtaining anabolic steroids. Five hundred and fifty-nine (66.4%) reported anabolic steroids as “safe” to be used in bodybuilding. Almost 60% of the respondents agreed that the use of anabolic steroids increases the size of the muscles, make the muscles stronger, and increases the stamina hence making a person a stronger athlete. In totality, around 60% of the respondents agreed that anabolic steroids can be purchased and used without the advice of a professional trainer or healthcare professional. Result of the current study provided clear and convincing evidence of the high frequency of AAS use among the gym users. Educating the masses, limiting the access to AAS and strict implications of policies are needed to decrease the prospect negative repercussions of AAS use.